Top 15 Most Important Questions
Here are the answers to your questions, explained according to the CCS University syllabus:
1. What is an Operating System? Explain all the four types of operating systems. Explain five external commands of DOS with their syntax and examples.
Definition of Operating System (OS):
An OS is system software that acts as an intermediary between computer hardware and users. It manages hardware resources, runs applications, and provides services for efficient system functioning.
Types of Operating Systems:
1. Batch Operating System: Executes tasks in batches without manual intervention.
2. Time-Sharing Operating System: Allows multiple users to access the system simultaneously.
3. Distributed Operating System: Manages a group of independent computers to appear as one.
4. Real-Time Operating System: Responds to inputs immediately and is used in critical applications like robotics.
Five External Commands of DOS with Syntax and Example:
1. FORMAT
- Syntax: FORMAT [drive:]
- Example: FORMAT C:
2. XCOPY
- Syntax: XCOPY source destination
- Example: XCOPY C:\data D:\backup
3. DISKCOPY
- Syntax: DISKCOPY [source] [target]
- Example: DISKCOPY A: B:
4. ATTRIB
- Syntax: ATTRIB [+/- attribute] filename
- Example: ATTRIB +R example.txt
5. DELTREE
- Syntax: DELTREE [directory]
- Example: DELTREE C:\temp
2. Describe the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC).
SDLC:
The Software Development Life Cycle is a structured process for developing software, ensuring high quality and efficiency.
Phases of SDLC:
1. Requirement Analysis: Collecting user requirements.
2. Planning: Defining resources, timeline, and budget.
3. Design: Blueprint of the software's structure.
4. Development: Actual coding of the software.
5. Testing: Identifying and fixing defects.
6. Deployment: Delivering the software to users.
7. Maintenance: Updating and fixing issues after deployment.
3. What is a flowchart? Describe the symbols of a flowchart or make a flowchart for finding out whether a number is odd or even.
Definition of Flowchart:
A flowchart is a graphical representation of an algorithm using symbols to depict the flow of processes.
Symbols of a Flowchart:
1. Oval: Start/End.
2. Rectangle: Process.
3. Diamond: Decision.
4. Arrow: Flow of control.
Flowchart for Odd/Even Check:
[Start]
↓
[Input Number]
↓
Is Number % 2 == 0?
/ \
Yes No
↓ ↓
[Even] [Odd]
↓ ↓
[End]
4. Define algorithm and flowchart and write an algorithm and flowchart to find if a number is positive or not.
Algorithm:
A step-by-step procedure to solve a specific problem.
Flowchart:
A graphical representation of steps in an algorithm.
Algorithm for Positive Check:
1. Start.
2. Input the number.
3. If the number > 0, display "Positive".
4. Else, display "Not Positive".
5. End.
Flowchart for Positive Check:
[Start]
↓
[Input Number]
↓
Is Number > 0?
/ \
Yes No
↓ ↓
[Positive] [Not Positive]
↓ ↓
[End]
5. Describe various types of primary and secondary memories.
Primary Memory:
1. RAM (Random Access Memory): Temporary storage, volatile.
2. ROM (Read-Only Memory): Permanent, non-volatile.
Secondary Memory:
1. HDD (Hard Disk Drive): High capacity, permanent storage.
2. SSD (Solid State Drive): Faster than HDD, no moving parts.
3. Optical Discs (CD/DVD): Store data using laser technology.
4. USB Drives: Portable and easy-to-use.
6. What is Database Management System? Explain the characteristics of DBMS.
Definition of DBMS:
A Database Management System is software that manages databases, allowing users to store, retrieve, and manipulate data efficiently.
Characteristics of DBMS:
1. Data abstraction.
2. Data security.
3. Data integrity.
4. Multi-user accessibility.
5. Backup and recovery.
7. Write down the advantages and disadvantages of flowcharts.
Advantages:
1. Easy to understand.
2. Improves communication.
3. Identifies problems.
Disadvantages:
1. Time-consuming.
2. Complex for large programs.
3. Modifications can be difficult.
8. What is an O.S. and what are its main functions?
Definition:
An OS manages hardware and software resources and provides common services.
Functions:
1. Process Management.
2. Memory Management.
3. File System Management.
4. Device Management.
5. Security and Error Detection.
9. Describe the structure of MS-DOS.
Structure of MS-DOS:
1.BIOS: Interacts with hardware.
2. Kernel: Core functions of DOS.
3. Command Interpreter: Executes user commands.
10. Write a short note on the following:
(a) Machine Language: The binary language directly understood by the computer.
(b) Icons: Graphical symbols representing files, folders, or applications.
(c) Paintbrush: A basic drawing application in early versions of Windows.
(d) PROM (Programmable Read-Only Memory): A type of ROM that can be programmed once.
(e) CD and DVD: Optical storage media, with DVDs offering higher capacity than CDs.
11. Convert:
(i) (10110)₂ = (22)₁₀
(ii) (110111)₂ = (37)₁₆
(iii) (11111)₁₆ = (111110001)₂
12. Differentiate between GUI and CUI.
| Aspect | GUI | CUI |
|------------|---------|---------|
| Interface | Graphical | Command Line |
| Usability | User-friendly | Complex |
| Examples | Windows | MS-DOS |
13. Explain the following:
(a) Compiler: Converts high-level code to machine code all at once.
(b) Interpreter: Converts and executes high-level code line-by-line.
(c) Assembler: Converts assembly language to machine code.
14. Convert:
(a) (12124)₁₀ = (2F94)₁₆
(b) (1010110.11)₂ = (86.75)₁₀
(c) (10011010)₂ + (110010)₂ = (10100100)₂
(d) (1010110.11)₂ × (1110)₂ = (100000010.11)₂
(e) (ABES)₁₆ = (43945)₁₀
15. Flowchart to find the greatest among three numbers:
[Start]
↓
[Input A, B, C]
↓
Is A > B and A > C?
/ \
Yes No
↓ ↓
[A is greatest] Is B > C?
/ \
Yes No
↓ ↓
[B is greatest] [C is greatest]
